9.5. Searching for elements

Traversing XML documents by stepping through each node can be tedious. If you're looking for something in particular, buried deep within your XML document, there is a shortcut you can use to find it quickly: getElementsByTagName.

For this section, you'll be using the binary.xml grammar file, which looks like this:

Example 9.20. `binary.xml`

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE grammar PUBLIC "-//diveintopython.org//DTD Kant Generator Pro v1.0//EN" "kgp.dtd">
<grammar>
<ref id="bit">
  <p>0</p>
  <p>1</p>
</ref>
<ref id="byte">
  <p><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/>\
<xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/></p>
</ref>
</grammar>

It has two refs, 'bit' and 'byte'. A bit is either a '0' or '1', and a byte is 8 bits.

Example 9.21. Introducing `getElementsByTagName`

>>> from xml.dom import minidom
>>> xmldoc = minidom.parse('binary.xml')
>>> reflist = xmldoc.getElementsByTagName('ref') 
>>> reflist
[<DOM Element: ref at 136138108>, <DOM Element: ref at 136144292>]
>>> print reflist[0].toxml()
<ref id="bit">
  <p>0</p>
  <p>1</p>
</ref>
>>> print reflist[1].toxml()
<ref id="byte">
  <p><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/>\
<xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/></p>
</ref>

getElementsByTagName takes one argument, the name of the element you wish to find. It returns a list of Element objects, corresponding to the XML elements that have that name. In this case, you find two ref elements.

Example 9.22. Every element is searchable

>>> firstref = reflist[0]                      
>>> print firstref.toxml()
<ref id="bit">
  <p>0</p>
  <p>1</p>
</ref>
>>> plist = firstref.getElementsByTagName("p") 
>>> plist
[<DOM Element: p at 136140116>, <DOM Element: p at 136142172>]
>>> print plist[0].toxml()                     
<p>0</p>
>>> print plist[1].toxml()
<p>1</p>

	Continuing from the previous example, the first object in your `reflist` is the `'bit'` `ref` element.
	You can use the same `getElementsByTagName` method on this `Element` to find all the `<p>` elements within the `'bit'` `ref` element.
	Just as before, the `getElementsByTagName` method returns a list of all the elements it found. In this case, you have two, one for each bit.

Example 9.23. Searching is actually recursive

>>> plist = xmldoc.getElementsByTagName("p") 
>>> plist
[<DOM Element: p at 136140116>, <DOM Element: p at 136142172>, <DOM Element: p at 136146124>]
>>> plist[0].toxml()                         
'<p>0</p>'
>>> plist[1].toxml()
'<p>1</p>'
>>> plist[2].toxml()                         
'<p><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/>\
<xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/><xref id="bit"/></p>'

	Note carefully the difference between this and the previous example. Previously, you were searching for `p` elements within `firstref`, but here you are searching for `p` elements within `xmldoc`, the root-level object that represents the entire XML document. This does find the `p` elements nested within the `ref` elements within the root `grammar` element.
	The first two `p` elements are within the first `ref` (the `'bit'` `ref`).
	The last `p` element is the one within the second `ref` (the `'byte'` `ref`).

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